• 1. 市民阶级
  在工业革命前后,英国原先繁复的社会等级逐渐演变成贵族阶级(gentry class) 、市民阶级(burghers class) 和劳工阶级(working class) , 并形成英国社会的上层阶级( upper class) 、中产阶级(middle class ) 和下层阶级( lower class) 。...
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1. From the serfs of the Middle Ages sprang the chartered burghers of the earliest towns. 
   从中世纪的农奴中产生了初期城市的城关市民；
2. And that union, to attain which the burghers of the Middle Ages, with their miserable highways, required centuries, the modern proletarians, thanks to railways, achieve in a few years. 
   中世纪的市民靠乡间小道需要几百年才能达到的联合，现代的无产者利用铁路只要几年就可以达到了。
3. In the latter part of the Middle Ages, the towns of Italy and Flanders, the free cities of Germany, and some towns of France and England,contained a large and energetic population of artisans, and many rich burghers, whose wealth had been acquired by manufacturing industry, or by trading in the produce of such industry. 
   在中世纪后期，意大利和佛兰德的市镇、德国的自由城、法国和英国的某些市镇，住有大批精力旺盛的工匠，以及很多富有的自由民。这些人的财富是靠制造业或买卖制造业产品获得的。

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