1. The struggles between the modern school system and the imperial examination system, between the new learning and the old learning, and between Western learning and Chinese learning, were all of this nature.  
   在“五四”以前，学校与科举之争，新学与旧学之争，西学与中学之争，都带着这种性质。
2. Western culture now dominates the life of young Singaporeans, making the learning of Chinese increasingly irrelevant and burdensome. 
   西方文化在年轻一代的生活中扮演了更显著的角色，而华文的学习也似乎离我们生活越来越远。
3. The so-called modern schools or new learning or Western learning of that time concentrated mainly (we say mainly, because in part pernicious vestiges of Chinese feudalism still remained) on the natural sciences and bourgeois social and political theories, which were needed by the representatives of the bourgeoisie. 
   那时的所谓学校、新学、西学，基本上都是资产阶级代表们所需要的自然科学和资产阶级的社会政治学说（说基本上，是说那中间还夹杂了许多中国的封建余毒在内）。
4. activity theory of learning 
   学习的活动理论
5. connected theory of learning 
   学习联结说

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