Several primary methods of depositing YBCO are emphasized, such as PLD, LPE, CSD and sol - gel.

着重介绍了YBCO超导 涂层的几种主要制备方法, 即脉冲激光沉积法(PLD) 、 液相外延法(IPE) 、 化学溶液沉积法(CSD) 、溶胶 - 凝胶法(sol-gel )等.

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Measuring the conductivity of many chemical solutions is difficult if the ionic concentration is very low.

如果离子浓度非常低,测量许多化学溶液的电导率是很困难的.

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